EDITORIAL NOTE: The Java Persistence API ( JPA) is a Java programming language application programming interface specification that describes the management of relational data in applications using Java Platform, Standard Edition and Java Platform, Enterprise Edition. JPA has become the de-facto standard to write application code that interacts with Databases. For this reason we have provided an abundance of tutorials here at Java Code Geeks, most of which can be found here. Additionally, we have created the JPA mini-book which will get you introduced to JPA and smoothly transition the reader to more advanced concepts (get it for free by joining our newsletter). Now, we wanted to create a standalone, reference post to provide a framework on how to work with JPA and help you quickly kick-start your JPA applications. Enjoy!1. Introduction The Java Persistence API ( JPA) is a vendor independent specification for mapping Java objects to the tables of relational databases. Implementations of this specification allow application developers to abstract from the specific database prodcut they are working with and allow them to implement CRUD (create, read, update and delete) operations such that the same code works on different database products. These frameworks do not only handle the code that interacts with the database (the JDBC code) but also map the data to object structures used by the application. The JPA consists of three different components: Entities: In current versions of the JPA entities are plain old Java objects ( POJOs). Older versions of the JPA required to subclass entities from classes provided by the JPA, but as these approaches are more difficult to test because of their hard dependecies to the framework, newer versions of the JPA do not require entities to subclass any framework class. Object-relational metadata: The application developer has to provide the.
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